TIM-3/Galectin-9 interaction and glutamine metabolism in AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1.

BACKGROUND: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is a cell surface molecule that was first discovered on T cells. However, recent studies revealed that it is also highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and it is related to AML progression. As, Glutamine appears to play a prominent role in malignant tumor progression, especially in their myeloid group, therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the relation between TIM-3/Galectin-9 axis and glutamine metabolism in two types of AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1. METHODS: Cell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 which supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics. 24, 48, and 72 h after addition of recombinant Galectin-9 (Gal-9), RT-qPCR analysis, RP-HPLC and gas chromatography techniques were performed to evaluate the expression of glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes, concentration of metabolites; Glutamate (Glu) and alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in glutaminolysis pathway, respectively. Western blotting and MTT assay were used to detect expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) as signaling factor, GLS protein and cell proliferation rate, respectively. RESULTS: The most mRNA expression of GLS and GDH in HL-60 cells was seen at 72 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001) and in THP-1 cell line was observed at 24 h after Gal-9 addition (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001). The most mTORC and GLS protein expression in HL-60 and THP-1 cells was observed at 72 and 24 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.0001), respectively. MTT assay revealed that Gal-9 could promote cell proliferation rate in both cell lines (p = 0.001). Glu concentration in HL-60 and α-KG concentration in both HL-60 (p = 0.03) and THP-1 (p = 0.0001) cell lines had a decreasing trend. But, Glu concentration had an increasing trend in THP-1 cell line (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Taken together, this study suggests TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction could promote glutamine metabolism in HL-60 and THP-1 cells and resulting in AML development.

Could we use PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on lymphocytes and monocytes as predictive markers for prognosis of acute biliary pancreatitis?

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the significance of immunophenotyping and serum cytokines in predicting the clinical progression of acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cytokine levels, T-helper, cytotoxic T, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, HLA-DR, and PD-1, as well as PDL-1 immune checkpoints, were measured in ABP patients at the time of diagnosis and compared with results from healthy volunteers. The study also compared leukocyte counts, hematocrit, immunophenotyping results, cytokine statuses, and PD-1, PDL-1 expression between healthy volunteers and ABP subgroups categorized by pancreatitis severity. RESULTS: The study included 65 ABP patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Significant differences were observed between groups in hematocrit, leukocyte counts, total monocytes, lymphocytes, CD3+ total T cells, CD4+ Th cells, PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes, HLA-DR expression on CD14+ monocytes, NK cells, PD-L1 expression on CD14+ monocytes, classical and intermediate monocytes, as well as levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-33 cytokines. Moderate correlations were found with lymphocyte counts, PD-1+CD4+ cells, PD-L1+CD14+ cells, and strong correlations with HLA-DR+CD14+ cells. Hematocrit, CD3+ total T cells, NK cells, CD4+PD-1 + T cells, and CD8+PD-1 + T cells showed independent associations with the severity of ABP. Lymphocyte counts, CD14+HLA-DR+ cells, CD14+PD-L1+ cells, CD4+PD-1 + T cells, classical, and intermediate monocytes exhibited the highest Area Under the Curve rates in determining organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: Hematocrit, lymphocyte counts, CD14+HLA-DR+ cells, CD14+PD-L1+ cells, and intermediate monocytes emerged as parameters most closely associated with the severity and these parameters could be useful in predicting the severity of ABP.

Effect of rapamycin treatment in human seminoma TCam-2 cells through inhibition of G1-S transition.

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in several processes including cell cycle, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. Due to its multiple roles and general dysregulation in cancer, the mTOR pathway is an important target in cancer therapy. However, studies on mTOR activity in seminoma are limited. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the expression of mTOR signaling pathway proteins in the TCam-2 cell line after rapamycin treatment. TCam-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of rapamycin (control (no rapamycin treatment), 4 nM, 20 nM, 100 nM, 500 nM, and 1000 nM rapamycin) for 48 h and 72 h. mTOR, p-mTOR, P70S6K, p-P70S6K, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and caspase-3 expression levels were analyzed by western blot. Apotosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. After 48 h of rapamycin administration, mTOR activity was significantly decreased at 1000 nM (p < 0.05). In addition, P70S6K acitivity significantly decreased in groups at all rapamycin concentrations (***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). After 72 h of rapamycin administration, mTOR pathway activity were significantly decreased at 100, 500, and 1000 nM rapamycin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, P70S6K expression decreased in all treatment groups (****p < 0.0001). Caspase-3 expression were similar in all groups. While PCNA expression tended to decrease at 48 h in a dose-dependent manner, this decrease was not significant. We detected decreased PCNA expression at 1000 nM rapamycin at 72 h (p < 0.05). The rate of apoptosis increased especially at 1000 nM rapamycin at 72 h (***p < 0.001). On the other hand, according to the results of the cell cycle experiment, G1 phase arrest was detected at all rapamycin doses at 48 and 72 h (***p < 0.001). Our study indicated that 1000 nM rapamycin may inhibit TCam-2 seminoma cells growth by halting cell proliferation through inhibition of G1-S transition. Therefore, we believe that the findings obtained will contribute to the development of new treatment approaches for seminoma patients in the future and in the process of restoring testicular functions and preserving fertility.

Monitoring T-Cell Kinetics in the Early Recovery Period of Lung Transplantation Cases by Copy Number Levels of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circle.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Lung transplantation is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage lung diseases. T-Cell receptor excision circle (TREC) is circular DNA produced during T-cell receptor gene rearrangement in the thymus and indicates naive T-cell migration from the thymus. Therefore, its levels represent thymic T-cell output. Post-transplant lymphocyte kinetics correlate with graft tolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate T-lymphocyte kinetics in the early recovery period after lung transplantation. For this purpose, copy numbers of TREC were determined in patients with a lung transplant. In addition, TREC copy numbers were evaluated according to age, diagnosis and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of lung transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were taken from patients aged 23 to 59 years who underwent lung transplantation at the Thoracic Surgery Clinic, Kartal-Kosuyolu High Specialization Educational and Research Hospital. This study included peripheral blood samples from 11 lung transplant patients (comprising four with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, three with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, one with cystic fibrosis, one with silicosis and two with bronchiectasis; three females in total). Samples were taken at three different timepoints: Before transplant, and 24 hours and 7 days post transplant. TREC copy numbers were analyzed with real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Post-transplant TREC numbers and density values were higher compared to pre-transplant values, although these differences were statistically insignificant. TREC copy numbers were found to be significantly higher in patients younger than 45 years compared to patients older than 45 years. At 24 hours after the transplant, the average TREC copy number/peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the cases with an FEV1 value of or below 50% was found to be statistically significantly higher than that of cases with an FEV1 value above 50% (p=0.046). There was no statistically significant difference in TREC copy numbers between male and female patients or by diagnostic group. CONCLUSION: TREC copy numbers can be evaluated as a prognostic marker for lung transplantation. There is a need for multicenter studies with more patients.

Evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitor substituted zinc and indium phthalocyanines for chemo- and photodynamic therapy.

In this study, we synthesized and characterized 3-hydroxypyridin-2-thione (3-HPT) bearing zinc (ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2) and indium (InPc-1 and InPc-2) phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives, either non-peripherally or peripherally substituted as photosensitizer (PS) agents and evaluated their anti-cancer efficacy on two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 as well as a human endothelial cell line, HUVEC. Our results indicated different localization patterns between ZnPcs and InPcs in addition to enhanced effects on the mitochondrial network for InPcs. Moreover, peripheral or non-peripheral substitution of HDACi moieties altered cellular localization between ZnPc-1 and ZnPc-2, leading to increased IC50 values along with decreased anti-cancer activity for non-peripheral substitution. When considering the compounds' differential effects in vitro, our data indicates that further research is required to determine the ideal Pcs for anti-cancer PDT treatments since the core metals of the compounds have affected the cellular localization, and positioning of the chemotherapeutic residues may inhibit cellular penetrance.

Process optimisation, biocompatibility and anti-cancer efficacy of curcumin loaded gelatine microparticles cross-linked with dialdeyhde carboxymethyl cellulose.

In this study, we produced curcumin loaded gelatine microparticles, through spray-drying method, with dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose (DCMC) which is introduced as a new cross-linking agent for drug delivery systems and examined toxicities by comparison of traditional cross-linking agents. We employed various parameters in the production and tried to develop the most efficient drug delivery system through Taguchi method by examining efficiencies on gastric cancer under in vitro conditions. The results indicated gelatine microparticles cross-linked with DCMC offers more biocompatible drug delivery systems. The particle size of the microparticles produced via different parameters varies from 1.926 to 3.357 µm. Curcumin was substantially remained stable after 6 months. This study indicates potential use of DCMC cross-linked gelatine microparticles as drug delivery vehicle.

Antiproliferative Activity of Chemically Characterized Propolis from Turkey and Its Mechanisms of Action.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic extract of propolis originated from northern Turkey for its antiproliferative, apoptotic and cell cycle arrest promoting effects on MCF7, HGC27, A549 cancer cell lines and a healthy cell line (HUVEC) in terms of DNA content, morphological features, expression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins p21, p53, Cyclin D1 and immune checkpoint protein PD-L1. The extract showed moderate antiproliferative activity against all tested cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 58.6-90.7 µg/mL in MTS assay. Further studies indicated that propolis extract exerted apoptotic effect on cancer cell lines, promoted cell cycle arrest through activation of p21 and resulted in accumulation at G0/G1 phase of cancer cells. Propolis treatment caused increased cell size, according to fluorescent imaging except for MCF7. HPTLC analysis revealed that 3-O-methylquercetin, chrysin, caffeic acid, CAPE, galangin and pinocembrin were the main components of the extract. The amounts of caffeic acid and CAPE in the extract were found to be 5.5 and 11.1 mg/g, respectively, by a validated HPLC method. Our study is the first one, revealing effect of propolis on PD-L1 expression on certain cancer cell lines.

Correlation between IL-17A/F, IL-23, IL-35 and IL-12/-23 (p40) levels in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and disease activity in Behcet's patients.

Behcet's disease is a chronic multisystemic disease with remissions and relapses. Several studies have shown that immune mechanisms play an important role in the development of the disease. In order to assess the association of disease activity with IL-17A/F, IL-23, IL-12/23 (p40) and IL-35 expression, we aimed to investigate production of these cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Behcet's patients and normal controls. Furthermore, we included Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) as disease control to evaluate the specificity of our data for immunopathogenesis of BD. Totally 15 active, 15 inactive Behcet's patients, 12 active and 12 inactive SLE patients and 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated, lymphocyte cultures were performed and IL-17A/F, IL-12/23 p(40), IL-23, IL-35 cytokine levels were measured by ELISA in culture supernatants in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on time-dependent manner. IL-17 A/F levels increased parallel to IL-23 levels in Behcet's and SLE patients. Compared to healthy controls, IL-17 A/F levels were higher in active Behcet's and SLE patients; on the contrary, levels of IL-35 were lower. IL-17A/F, IL-12/23 (p40) and IL-23 levels were detectable most frequently in active Behcet's patients followed by active SLE patients. Our results indicate that IL-17 A/F, IL-23 and IL-12/23 (p40) may play role in the immunopathogenesis of BD so as Th17 and Th1 cell responses. Since IL-35 levels were lower in active Behcet's patients compared to inactive patients and healthy controls, there may be a plasticity between Th17 and Treg cells according to the state of disease activity.

Mitochondrial depletion in CD4+ and CD19+ peripheral lymphocytes in early stage Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be associated with mitochondrial defects. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in mitochondrial abundance in peripheral lymphocytes of early and late stage AD patients. We analysed levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the mitochondria-specific antibody 113-1 in CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD56+ peripheral lymphocytes of early and late stage AD by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. In early stage AD, the levels of mtDNA were significantly decreased in CD4+, CD19+ and CD56+ peripheral lymphocytes while the MFI of 113-1 staining was significantly decreased in CD4+ and CD19+ cells. Thus, CD4+ and CD19+ peripheral lymphocytes of early stage AD patients exhibit mitochondrial depletion, as seen both at the level of DNA and protein.

Effects of paricalcitol and aliskiren combination therapy on experimental diabetic nephropathy model in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combination of aliskiren with paricalcitol on experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN) model in rats. METHODS: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each, namely the control (Group C), diabetes (Group D), aliskiren (Group A), paricalcitol (Group P), and aliskiren plus paricalcitol (Group A+P) groups. Aliskiren was given by oral-gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day once daily for 12 weeks. Paricalcitol was given by intraperitoneally at a dose of 0,4 µg/kg/three day of week for 12 weeks. Renal function parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, mRNA expression of renin-angiotensin system parameters and kidney histology were determined. RESULTS: Group A+P had lower mean albümin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (p=0.004) as well as higher creatinine clearance (CCr) (p<0.005) than the diabetic rats (Group D). Combination therapy significantly increased CCr (Group A+P vs. Group A, p<0.005; Group A+P vs. Group P, p=0.022) and reduced ACR (Group A+P vs. Group A, p=0.018; Group A+P vs. Group P, p<0.005) when compared to monotherapy. Serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower (p=0.004); glutathion levels (p=0.003), glutathion peroxidase (p=0.004) and superoxide dismutase (p<0.005) activities were significantly higher in group A+P than in group D. The mean scores of mRNA expression of renin (p<0.005), angiotensin II (p=0.012) and angiotensin type 1 receptor (p=0.018) in group A+P were significantly lower. Although combination therapy showed no additional effect on oxidative system, renin-angiotensin system and renal histology, aliskiren plus paricalcitol significantly decreased interstitial fibrosis volume when compared to monotherapy (Group A+P vs. Group A, p<0.005; Group A+P vs. Group P, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Our data seem to suggest a potential role of aliskiren plus paricalcitol acting synergystically for reducing the progression of diabetic nephropathy in an experimental rat model.

Accreditation of flow cytometry in Europe.

ISO 15189 has been introduced to enable any clinical laboratory, irrespective of geographic location, to be accredited against internationally recognized standards and therefore facilitate direct international comparison of laboratories. Together with increasing use of ISO 15189 for standardization and competition purposes, often triggered by demands of patients and clinicians, clinical flow cytometry laboratories are becoming increasingly challenged to introduce compliant quality management systems. Whilst in most countries, ISO 15189 accreditation is not yet compulsory, there is increasing evidence to suggest that the implementation of this standard is growing. As a result, the European Society of Clinical Cell Analysis (ESCCA) has analysed the impact of accreditation in clinical flow cytometry laboratories. It found, through a discussion forum, that staff qualification, adaptation of multicolour antibody panels, and implementation of a comprehensive quality system (including quality assessment) have been identified as major challenges.

HLA-A, B (Class I) and HLA-DR, DQ (Class II) antigens in Turkish patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration and Behçet's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to typify the human leukocyte antigen system (HLA)-A, B (class I) and HLA-DR, DQ (class II) antigens and to assess the frequency of the presence of these antigens in the Turkish population with recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) and Behçet's disease (BD) compared to healthy subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with RAU, 30 with BD, and 15 healthy subjects were included in the study. HLA typing was performed by serology with commercial kits for HLA class I and II (One Lambda, Canoga Park, Calif., USA). RESULTS: The HLA-A23 frequency was 26.7% in the RAU patients, which was significantly higher than the 3.3% frequency in the patients with BD (p < 0.05). The HLA-A24 frequency was 33.3% in the RAU patient group, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the frequency in the healthy subjects (6.7%). Significantly higher frequencies (46.7%) of HLA-A30 were found in the healthy subjects compared to the BD (13.3%) and RAU (3.3%) patients (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). A higher frequency of HLA-B13 was observed in the RAU (23.3%) patients compared to the BD (0%) patients (p < 0.01). A decrease was observed in HLA-DR10 and HLA-DR17 in the RAU patients (p < 0.05), while a higher frequency of HLA-DR10 was observed in the BD patients compared to the RAU patients (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that RAU and BD were not in the same spectrum and the involvement of other genetic and/or environmental factors might be responsible for the development of these diseases and/or disease progression.

Cytokine profiles in serum of patients with oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of oral mucosa, which represents T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. The inflammatory response in OLP is characterized by the accumulation and expansion of T-helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes. Several lines of evidence have suggested that a complex cytokine network plays an important role in the exacerbation and perpetuation of OLP. The aim of this study was to evaluate Th1 and T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine profile in serum of patients with OLP in comparison to healthy controls. METHODS: Thirty patients with OLP, and 30 healthy controls participated in the study. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 levels have been measured in flow cytometry by bead based cytokine measurement. RESULTS: Although no statistical differences were observed in the serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-4 between OLP patients and controls (p>0.05), there were statistically significant differences in the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). A significantly decreased tendency towards the levels of IL-2 were observed in OLP patients when compared to controls (p<0.05), and the mean level of IL-10 in serum increased remarkably in the OLP patients than those in the controls (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of higher serum levels of IL-10 in patients in presence of low serum IL-2 levels, shows us that there is a dominance of Th2 response. This makes us think that there is a change in Th1/Th2 balance. Dominance of the Th2 response may indicate that OLP could be a result of a delayed type hypersensitivity.

Salivary and serum myeloperoxidase in obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical utility of serum and saliva myeloperoxidase (MPO) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as markers of inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, observational study. SETTING: Snoring and respiratory sleep disorders centre at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: This study included 32 OSA-diagnosed patients and 24 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects following endoscopic airway evaluation and polysomnography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Saliva and serum MPO levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum CRP levels were determined using a latex assay. The different groups were compared through parametric tests. Linear and logistic regression models using The Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) as a dependent variable assessed the association of independent variables, including saliva and serum MPO levels, serum CRP levels, age, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Salivary MPO and serum CRP levels were significantly higher in the OSA group compared to controls (p < .0001, p  =  .0001). A moderate positive correlation was detected between saliva MPO and AHI, the oxygen desaturation index, and sleep efficiency (p  =  .0001, p  =  .0001, and p  =  .0002, respectively) by excluding potential confounding factors (age and BMI). Salivary MPO and BMI levels were associated with AHI in a linear regression model (p < .0001) and found to be concordant variables with the presence of OSA. CONCLUSION: Increased salivary MPO levels in OSA subjects in this study support previously defined persistent local inflammation in these patients. Therefore, salivary MPO levels may be useful as oropharyngeal inflammatory markers in OSA patients.

Interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with Behçet's disease and recurrent aphthous ulcerations.

BACKGROUND: One of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of Behçet disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) is a cell-mediated immune response in which several cytokines (interleukin-2, interleukin-6) and T regulatory cell (T reg cell) population seem to play a major role. The aim of this study was to measured the interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and analysis of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp-3(+) Treg cells in peripheral blood from patients with BD and RAU. In addition; we also analysed peripheral blood from healthy subjects for comparison. METHODS: Thirty patients (15 men and 15 women) with BD, 30 patients (12 men and 18 women) with RAU and 15 healthy control subjects (nine men and six women) participated in the study. Analysis of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp-3(+) Treg cells, IL-2 and IL-6 levels have been measured in flow cytometry. RESULTS: No statistical differences were observed in the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6 between BD and RAU patients, and healthy subjects. Although there were no statistical differences in the number of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp-3(+) cells between groups, there were statistically significant differences in the number of CD4(+) CD25(bright) Treg cells. CD4(+) CD25(bright) Treg cells were significantly increased in BD and RAU patients compared to healthy subjects. Statistical analysis revealed no difference according to the number of CD4(+) CD25(bright) cells between BD and RAU patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that CD4(+) CD25(bright) T regulatory cells may be contributing factor in the pathogenesis of BD and RAU.

The role of Treg cells and FoxP3 expression in immunity of ß-thalassemia major AND ß-thalassemia trait patients.

There is increased susceptibility to infections in ß-thalassemia. Changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subsets and functions, defective chemotaxis, and phagocytosis of neutrophils and macrophages have been described in these patients. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a crucial role in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. The FOXP3 gene is specifically expressed on Treg cells. Increased antigenic stimuli due to repeated blood transfusions might change the Treg cells and FOXP3 percentage in ß-thalassemia. Immune functions of peripheral blood lymphocytes, percentage of Treg cells (defined as CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)) were evaluated in 30 ß-thalassemia major, 30 ß-thalassemia trait, and 20 healthy children. Percentage of CD4(+)CD45RA(+) cells were increased in ß-thalassemia trait compared to both ß-thalassemia major and controls, whereas percentage of CD4(+)CD45RO(+) cells were higher in ß-thalassemia major and trait patient compared to controls. Percentages of CD4(+)CD25(bright) and CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg cells were increased only in ß-thalassemia major patients compared to controls (P = .001 and P = .0001, respectively). T lymphocytes express activated phenotype both in ß-thalassemia major and trait patients. However, only in ß-thalassemia major patients who were exposed to chronic antigenic stimulus as a result of repeated blood transfusions was an increase observed in Treg cells, which might suppress immune activation status.

Apoptosis of corpus cavernosum in patients with organic erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that apoptosis of penile erectile tissue occurs after penile denervation, castration, and diabetes mellitus in animal studies. Aim of this study was to investigate apoptosis in corpora cavernosa of patients with organic erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: Cavernous biopsies were obtained from 38 patients with erectile dysfunction and 10 patients with normal erectile function. Apoptosis of tissues were determined via terminal deoxyuridine nucleotide end labeling method by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The mean ages of patients with ED and control patients were 50.65 +/- 2.27, and 32.43 +/- 2.90 years, respectively (P = 0.0001). Patients with ED were set in two groups as more than 50 years old and less than 50 years old for further analysis of age factor on apoptosis. The mean % apoptosis of ED patients was 26.22 +/- 2.79 and control group was 11.26 +/- 3.79, (P = 0.032). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values were also 17.41 +/- 3.21 and 6.59 +/- 2.28, respectively (P = 0.039). MFI and % apoptosis values were not statistically significant different neither between the patients groups nor between the control and patients < or = 50 years old (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any statistically significant difference with respect to apoptosis rates when we compared neither control group with < or = 50 years old patients nor patients groups of ED. Because of this we did not have enough data to say that apoptosis has a prominent role on the development of ED independently from other factors. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the role of apoptosis in erectile dysfunction.

Serum cytokine and T regulatory cell levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Burning mouth syndrome is a disorder usually associated with an unexplained, prolonged sensation of burning inside the oral cavity. Although the etiology is unknown, neural and psychologic factors and cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum cytokine and T regulatory cell levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome with regard to depression and anxiety. METHODS: Thirty patients with burning mouth syndrome and 30 matched controls participated in the study. Serum cytokine levels were measured with cytometric bead array and T regulatory cells were defined as CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp-3(+) cells by flow cytometry. The level of anxiety and depression were analyzed by means of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Visual analogue scale was used in the quantification of burning levels of patients. RESULTS: Serum IL-2 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly decreased in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared with controls [mean 16.79 +/- 8.70 vs. 37.73 +/- 41.05 pg / ml (P < 0.05) and mean 39.09 +/- 29.40 vs. 70.83 +/- 42.44 pg / ml (P < 0.01) respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: IL-2 and TNF-alpha might play a role in burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome may occur as a sign of predisposition to autoimmunity. Presence of low levels of CD28(+) supports the provision that BMS might be a pre-autoimmune disease.

Association between inflammatory markers in induced sputum and clinical characteristics in children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.

To study clinical, radiological and laboratory features of children with non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) bronchiectasis (BE) and the association between symptom scores, spirometry, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings and inflammatory markers in induced sputum in these children. Twenty-seven children with steady-state non-CF BE were cross-sectionally evaluated by symptom scores, pulmonary function tests, anatomic extension and severity scores of BE in HRCT and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in induced sputum. There were 16 girls and 11 boys. Median (interquartile range) age of study group was 11.4 (9.5-13.6) years, follow-up duration was 3.5 (2-6.5) years and symptom scores were 4 (3-6). Pulmonary function tests revealed FEV(1) of 82%pred (72-93), FVC of 82%pred (74-92), and FEF(25-75%) of 82%pred (68-95). According to anatomic extent of BE on HRCT; 2 patients had mild, 4 had moderate and 21 had severe BE. Based on severity scores of HRCT; 10 patients had mild, 10 had moderate and 7 had severe BE. Neutrophils consisted 29.9% (14.9-53.7) of the total leucocytes in induced sputum samples. Sputum concentration of TNF-alpha was 58 pg/ml (9.2-302) while IL-8 concentration was 2.7 ng/ml (1.7-2.8). Symptom scores correlated with FEV(1) and sputum IL-8 levels (r=-0.49, r=0.67, P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between HRCT severity scores and symptoms, FEV(1), sputum IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels (r=0.64, r=-0.68, r=0.41, r=0.41, respectively, P<0.05). In children BE is associated with ongoing inflammation. This inflammation can be reliably monitored by radiological scores, spirometry, as well as sputum inflammatory markers. Follow-up of children with BE using these clinical tools may improve patient care.

Do platelet apoptosis, activation, aggregation, lipid peroxidation and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation occur simultaneously in hyperlipidemia?

OBJECTIVES: The circulating lipoproteins may cause some abnormalities in platelet composition and function in hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether platelet apoptosis, platelet activation, platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte aggregate (PLA) formation and lipid peroxidation occur simultaneously in hyperlipidemia. DESIGN AND METHODS: Expression of GpIIb/IIIa (CD41a), P-selectin (CD62-P), platelet-bound fibrinogen (antifibrinogen), platelet membrane phosphatidylserine (PS), platelet-monocyte aggregates (mono-PLA) and platelet-neutrophil aggregates (neut-PLA) was measured in eight hyperlipidemic and eight normal subjects using flow cytometry. ADP (10 microM) was used to activate platelets. Furthermore, ADP induced platelet aggregation responses, platelet malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined. RESULTS: Before platelet activation, platelet CD62-P, antifibrinogen, annexin-V, mono-PLA, neut-PLA and platelet MDA levels as well as platelet aggregation responses in the hyperlipidemics were significantly higher than those in the controls (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.001, respectively), whereas GpIIb/IIIa expression and GSH levels were not different significantly (P > 0.05). In the control group, CD62-P, antifibrinogen and annexin-V levels increased significantly after ADP activation (P<0.05, P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). In hyperlipidemic subjects, annexin-V expression increased significantly after activation (P<0.01), whereas expression of GpIIb/IIIa, CD62-P and antifibrinogen remained unchanged (P>0.05). The levels of total cholesterol (T-CHO), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum fibrinogen (S-FGN) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients were found to be correlated with platelet CD62-P, antifibrinogen, annexin-V, mono-PLA and MDA. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, it seems that in hyperlipidemia, some platelets are in an activated state in circulation, and that increased lipid peroxidation, early apoptosis, platelet-leukocytes aggregate formation and platelet aggregation altogether accompany this process.